Essay --

During my 3 years at Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) as a Maintenance Planning engineer, I inhaled arranging and sorting out. Working for a multi-billion dollar undertaking, I saw the impacts of operational efficiencies on the accounting report. This pertinent introduction has molded my choice to seek after a vocation in Industrial Engineering, a field that endeavors to build profitability and efficiencies by orderly examination and development. Working at HPCL’s 7.6MMTPA treatment facility, I was a piece of the group that guaranteed that all units were kept up well to work at ideal limit, nonstop. I was liable for getting ready calendars and making arrangements for the men, hardware and material for support exercises. It was in this job I encountered firsthand, the need and appropriateness of experimentally oversaw and advanced procedures in the business. During a blackout of the Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU), a defective extra gasket had kept the beginning up of the unit on hold. I was picked to get the substitution, for which I needed to fly 500 miles on a second's notification, dealing with the gasket as my baggage. This excursion was fulfilling, not on the grounds that it cut down the potential misfortune edges from $250,000 to $70,000, but since I took in the significance of prudent arranging in mitigating misfortunes. After this, I drove a 4 man group to index and update hardware save parts in a database. With exercises mastered during the past blackout, I gathered an agenda that use the database to smooth out and twofold check the material arranging process, decreasing the likelihood of a very late crisis. 28 months and 7 significant unit shutdowns later, in January 2013, I was made group captain for arranging a patch up of a Crude h... ...nt of seeking after alumni examines is to upgrade my current information and aptitudes, so I can understand my vision of opening the capability of procedure advancement in little and medium scale endeavors in countries with creating economies, for example, India. For the time being, however, my attention is on collecting specific information and abilities and assisting my industry experience. UC-B is a school with proficient aptitude like no other. Being a piece of the Graduate people group at UC-B with their collective between social network will help build up my character. The showing approach at UC-B of empowering by challenge is perfect for an energetic student like me. With an expectation that you will locate the intense blend of ability and assurance in me as something that will enhance the inheritance of UC-B, I am anticipating be a piece of the regarded UC-B graduate network.

The Paradox in US-China Relations

The Paradox in US-China Relations The Paradox in the US-China Relations: A Commentary Very nearly 10 years and half back, one of the main mastermind and key master on China; Gerald Segal prophetically depicted the ramifications of Chinese force particularly in the East Asian district. He contended, â€Å"There is not any more profound vulnerability for East Asia, than the eventual fate of China. In the event that China lurches in the midst of administration battles and maybe even breaks down as an express, the district will fear mass movement and spreading mayhem, if China continues onward with a twofold digit development, East Asia will fear the ramifications of Chinese power[1] Segal in the closing comments of his article titled, â€Å"Tying China into International System† (Survival; 1999) introduced scarcely any suspicions. He predicted that the uncontrolled financial development in China would bring about an expanding need and want to exchange with the outside world and China should be integrated with the worldwide framework based on these suspicion about China’s future. One of them was a) that it won't break down in disarray, will have a looser political framework b) second that East Asian locale will neglect to build up any genuine multilateralelism. There will be a lot of talk in the area about the need to work all the more intently at the ASEAN and CSAP discussion on the security of the locale, anyway no genuine activity was seen. Shockingly the East Asian district will have repercussion of the Chinese force and the lead in managing China in the coming years would not be started by the East Asian nations. This would leave China unchalle nged in the area. He additionally stated that China would likewise liable to have a significant long haul ill-disposed relationship with the west. The previously mentioned examination portrays a portion of the truth of the Chinese ascent starting today. Beijing has positively not broken down into disorder, through a consistent projection of its impact, it has built up that it is in reality a rising force and would keep on doing as such. The West particularly the US might not have a direct ill-disposed relationship with China yet all that isn't hunky-dory in the Sino-US relationship. Strikingly this becomes apparent when the direction of the reciprocal relations is examined at a significant level. Both the US and China are yearning nations undoubtedly. China is the main nation which has straightforwardly tested the US authority after Soviet Union. In the post-Cold War time of multipolarity the decay of the West (US) has additionally been compared with the ascent of the rest (China) even by American researchers. (Zakaria; 2008). While the US was distracted with the worldwide war on dread crusade and trapped itself in Iraq and Afghanistan; the People’s Republic adequately used this advantageous snapshot of US occupation furthering its potential benefit by expanding its universal associations and boosted its stock of partners in the global political framework. The Chinese impact in the universal legislative issues was respected noteworthy to such a degree, that US also reacted to the rising danger talk with a pleasing perspective. In a Congressional Report (2008) and the US Quadrennial Defense audit (QDR-2001), the US organization was guided to embrace ‘engagement’ as the most ideal approach to incorporate China into winning worldwide framework. Today, China is connecting with itself with the universal network more than ever by making a large number of respective understandings and associations. Beijing has looked for exchange understandings, oil and gas contracts, logical and innovative participation, and true multilateral security game plans with nations both around its outskirts and around the globe, for example, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It has likewise separated oil and gas investigation contracts with Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, and Cuba; and with Central Asian states, for example, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan; in quest to satisfy its longs for vitality security Global Negotiations Diplomacy The development of numerous focuses of intensity in the universal legislative issues have not just declined the pre-prominence of the American power yet have likewise made space for China to applies it impact in different circles, for example, worldwide economy, global arrangements on huge issues, for example, environmental change, the South East China Seas and even in the atomic domain. On every one of these issues China has taken an amazing stand. For example on the issues of cash, China keeps up a low conversion scale of its money for its monetary development. Monetary specialists from both US and Europe have called China to permit its money to rise. This conclusion was resounded even by the US President himself during his first visit to China in 2009. That year Presidents of significant banks like Europen Central Bank; Jean-Claude Trichet, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn; the previous overseeing executive of the IMF have likewise required a more grounded yuan however China didn't modify its money in light of a remote pressure.[2] China has intensely faced the US on the issue of Climate Change as well. It is alluded as the world’s biggest Green House Gases (GHGs) producer and experiences a poor record most definitely. Actually China involves a remarkable situation in the Climate Change arrangements. It is probably the biggest producer of Co2 yet it is additionally a creating nation and has a legitimate case of option to additionally create like the US. It is one of the significant voices in the Climate Change talks and a few specialists has proposed that it was China that hindered the last Copenhagen (2009) talks by requesting a horrifying arrangement with the end goal that western chiefs can leave and along these lines making an impasse. At the Copenhagen it not just demanded evacuating the coupling focuses for itself yet in addition for other countries.[3] The unusual strategic maneuver by the Chinese assignment can likewise be seen as a push to debilitate the Climate Change guideline system. Recently the UN Climate Summit at New York was closed in which both the US and China appears to have conceded to agreeing on diminishing emanation from 26 to 28 percent for the United State by 2025 and China to arrive at the outflows warming top by 2030 or earlier[4]. Being a top producer of Co2 China’s move towards a significant situation on outflow cuts ; simply after the US has vowed to make a stride ahead on discharge reflects only geopolitics showing at the arrangement table. Atomic Relations A comparable Chinese conduct of pushing the US to do its bit initially can likewise be found in the domain of atomic security also. Atomic capacity represents power in universal legislative issues. While China is far away from coordinating the US stock of atomic weapons, it can't be overlooked that being the main P-5 that is expanding its atomic arms stockpile; China’s potential in affecting the atomic discussion at the universal multilateral gathering stays solid. It is intriguing to note here that the official Chinese situation on atomic weapons contest is that, â€Å" the atomic weapon states with the greatest stores ought to attempt unique duty regarding atomic demilitarization and take lead in decreasing their atomic munititions stockpiles and conveyance systems,†[5] China anticipates that the US should initially clear route for the other atomic weapon states to join the atomic demobilization process. Besides the 2013 atomic note pad of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists depicts the Chinese atomic capacity as developing gradually and expanding in ability. Numerous in the US assume that the developing Chinese atomic ability particularly the long range rockets which incorporates the same number of upwards of 60 LRBMs can arrive at some segment of the United States. Indeed as per the US knowledge network expectation by the mid-2020s, China could have in excess of 100 rockets equipped for undermining the US.[6] Actually the American specialists for atomic issues accept that there is a need to keep up a drawn out soundness in the US-China atomic relations despite the fact that the atomic elements between the two nations are generally steady at the present. The types of such thought have put together their judgment with respect to the US worries about the Chinese development of the quality and amount of its atomic weapons store. The investigation of US-China atomic relations by the working gathering uncovers a potential increase of key weapons contest between the two nations. This may show in expanding the vulnerabilities about the atomic discouragement and along these lines emergency the executives between the two must produce results. Truth be told it is encouraged to the US government to take up casual approaches to shape China’s atomic choice making.[7] Geopolitical Ends at the Asia Pacific Region The present Chinese Ambassador to the US; John Kerry in his comments portrayed the respective relations as â€Å"the generally significant just as the most delicate, the most exhaustive just as the most mind boggling, and the most encouraging just as the most testing †[8] and alluded it as the most important one deciding the state of the 21st century world. While authorities from the White House have expanded descriptive words to depict delightfully the US-China cooperative energies, they have additionally recognized the distinction the two nations have a two recognized nations. In addition, these two separated nations likewise have similar force interests in the equivalent land element called the Asian Pacific locale. For both the nations the district is a pivotal one and the most encouraging undoubtedly. The US has outrightly declared its rotate to Asia Pacific so as to execute its rebalancing methodology. One must figure that in the ongoing years China also has begun taking a gander at the locale all the more conspicuously. The US has completely reported its reservations on the Chinese confident international strategy conduct in the South and East China Seas district. Despite the fact that th

ISFP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

ISFP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ISFP: The Artist (Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving) An Overview of the ISFP Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 10, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ISFP Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ISFPs View All ISFP is a four-letter code representing one of the 16 personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.?? People with an ISFP personality are frequently described as quiet, easy-going and peaceful. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell According to David Keirsey, the creator of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, approximately 5 to 10 percent of people have an ISFP personality type. ISFP is the opposite of ENTJ. Key ISFP Characteristics ISFPs like to keep their options open, so they often delay making decisions in order to see if things might change or if new options come up.According to Myers-Briggs, ISFPs are kind, friendly, sensitive and quiet. Unlike extroverts who gain energy from interacting with other people, introverts must expend energy around others.?? After spending time with people, introverts often find that they need a period of time alone. Because of this, they typically prefer to intermingle with a small group of close friends and family members.While they are quiet and reserved, they are also known for being peaceful, caring, and considerate. ISFPs have an easy-going attitude and tend to accept other people as they are.ISFPs like to focus on the details. They spend more time thinking about the here and now rather than worrying about the future.ISFPs tend to be doers rather than dreamers. They dislike abstract theories unless they can see some type of practical application for them and prefer learnin g situations that involve gaining hands-on experience. Strengths Very aware of their environment Practical Enjoys hands-on learning Loyal to values and beliefs Weaknesses Dislikes abstract, theoretical information Reserved and quiet Strong need for personal space Dislikes arguments and conflict Cognitive Functions The MBTI identifies four key cognitive functions (thinking, feeling, intuition, and sensing) that are either directed outwardly (extraverted) or inwardly (introverted). The hierarchical order to these functions is what determines each individuals unique personality. Dominant: Introverted Feeling ISFPs care more about personal concerns rather than objective, logical information.People with this personality type deal with information and experiences based upon how they feel about them.ISFPs have their own value system and create spontaneous judgments based upon how things fit with their own idea. Auxiliary: Extraverted Sensing People with ISFP personalities are very in tune with the world around them. They are very much attuned to sensory information and are keenly aware when even small changes take place in their immediate environment. Because of this, they often place a high emphasis on aesthetics and appreciate the fine arts.They are focused on the present moment, taking in new information and then taking action. They have a strong sense of their immediate surroundings, often noticing small details that others might overlook. When remembering events from the past, they are able to recall strong visual imagery and sights, smells, and sounds can evoke powerful memories associated with those senses. Tertiary: Introverted Intuition This function tends to run in the background, feeding off of the extraverted sensing function.As ISFPs take in details about the world, they often develop gut feelings about events and situations. While they generally do not like abstract concepts or ideas, this introverted intuition function may lead them to experience epiphanies about themselves and others. Inferior: Extraverted Thinking One weakness that ISFPs may have is in organizing, although they may use this function more prominently in certain situations.This function is all about looking for the most efficient way to do something. An ISFP might become focused on being very precise about the details and finding the most effective way to express an idea. ISFPs You Might Know Marilyn Monroe, actressAuguste Rodin, sculptorDavid Beckham, soccer playerNeil Simon, playwrightHarry Potter, fictional character Personal Relationships ISFPs are introverted. They tend to be reserved and quiet, especially around people they do not know well. They prefer spending time with a close group of family and friends. ISFPs are very private and keep their true feelings to themselves. In some cases, they may avoid sharing their thoughts, feelings and opinions with other people in their life, even their romantic partners. Because they prefer not to share their innermost feelings and try to avoid conflict, they often defer to the needs or demands of others. ISFPs have strong values but are not concerned with trying to convince other people to share their point of view. They care deeply about other people, particularly their closest friends and family. They are action-oriented and tend to show their care and concern through action rather than discussing feelings or expressing sentiments. Career Paths People with ISFP personalities love animals and have a strong appreciation for nature. They may seek out jobs or hobbies that put them in contact with the outdoors and with animals. Because ISFPs prefer to focus on the present, they often do well in careers that are concerned with practical, real-world problems. Jobs that offer a great deal of personal freedom and autonomy are especially appealing to ISFPs. Popular ISFP Careers ArtistComposer or musicianChefDesignerForest rangerNurseNaturalistPediatricianPsychologistSocial workerTeacherVeterinarian Tips for Interacting With ISFPs Friendships ISFPs are friendly and get along well with other people, but they typically need to get to know you well before they really open up.You can be a good friend to an ISFP by being supporting an accepting of who they are.ISFPs can be light-hearted and fun, but they are also quite intense at times. Recognize that there will be times when your friend wants to share and times when he or she will want to retreat to a more personal space. Parenting ISFP children tend to be perfectionists and can be their own harshest critics.Because they place such high expectations on themselves, they often underestimate or undervalue their own skills and talents.If you are a parent to ISFP child, you can help your child by encouraging them to be kind to themselves and recognize their value. Relationships ISFPs are very considerate in relationships, often to the point that they will continually defer to their partner.Because they are usually not good at expressing their own feelings and needs, it is important that you make an effort to understand your partner.When making decisions, ensure that your partners voice is heard and his or her feelings are given equal weight.

Creating Value Internal and External Factors - 1257 Words

Discussion Board 2: Valuation Charles E. Sullins, Jr. Managerial Finance – BUSI 530_B10 Liberty University INTRODUCTION The purpose of this thread is to discuss the factors that lead to a valuation of a company’s worth compared to that of the financial statements, and how company executives create the most value for all stakeholders. Value is formed by different internal and external factors. This discussion will examine some of these factors in an effort to determine how a company’s worth is measured. This discussion will also include views from a faith-based standpoint and how human success must glorify God. â€Å"Love not the world, neither the thingsthat are in the world. If any man love the world, the†¦show more content†¦When this is the case, its usually because the market has lost confidence in the ability of the companys assets to generate future profits and cash flows. In other words, the market doesnt believe that the company is worth the value on its books. Value investors often like to seek out companies in this category in hopes that the market perception turn s out to be incorrect. After all, the market is giving you the opportunity to buy a business for less than it’s stated net worth. 1. Market Value Greater Than Book Value: The market assigns a higher value to the company due to the earnings power of the companys assets. Nearly all consistently profitable companies will have market values greater than book values. 2. Book Value Equals Market Value: The market sees no compelling reason to believe the companys assets are better or worse than what is stated on the balance sheet† (para. 6). CREATING VALUE FOR SHAREHOLDERS Executives play a major role in creating value for stakeholders. Creating value for stakeholders is the primary role of an executive. The first thing executives must do is build trust. This element is essential to all positive aspects of value. Gaining trust is accomplished through strong work ethic, sound values, accountability, and leading by example. Not only will this develop strong working relationships, it will also aid in ushering in the next generation of managers. It will help gain confidence in the financial markets asShow MoreRelatedInternal Environment Resources and Capabilities of an Organization1034 Words   |  4 Pagespaper mainly focuses on the internal environment, resources and capabilities of an organization. It highlights the two main analyses which are essential for any organization and which plays a main role in the formulation of a strategy. In addition to this, it also describes the primary and support activities of an o rganization. Two key factors, which are important in doing an internal analysis, are Resource Based View framework (RBV) and Porters Value Chain. These factors are also described. The ResourceRead MoreHow to Conduct Strategic Analysis Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesOne critical piece of the Strategic Planning process is Strategic Analysis. It is an integral part of a company’s evaluation program; it provides managers with a comprehensive assessment of the organization’s capabilities and market factors; revealing growth opportunities and vulnerabilities. With this information, managers can more effectively choose from strategic alternatives and create the greatest future reward potential. A) Company Mission – Vision The first step I would take as part of myRead MoreThe System Dynamics Diagram Below Illustrates The Interactions And Activities Of The Business769 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement and purchasing are two closely linked internal factors in the business vital to providing quality products. Purchases are reliant on stock levels and must have management approval. Factors such as quality control, availability of produce, seasonal customer preferences, supplier availability and supplier relationships all play a role in the ability for the business to create value through these internal functions. Some of these external factors can be partially controlled; for example availabilityRead MoreExternal and Internal Environmental Analysis Strategic Planning and Implementation1213 Words   |  5 PagesExternal and Internal Environmental Analysis Strategic Planning and Implementation STR/581 External and Internal Environmental Analysis Apple Inc. is a computer product company that was launched into the market through the collaborative efforts of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in the year of 1976 and is aimed at reaching the diverse global community. The changes in the external environment of the company determine the decisions that the corporation will make. Apple Inc. has reputableRead MoreProduct Features Of Value Chain Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesVALUE CHAIN: The concept of Value Chain was introduced by Michael Porter which involves a process of adding value to a product or service at every stage. A value chain may exist within one firm or may extend over an expanded supply chain that includes various firms. It enables to identify the Primary and Secondary activities which can increase the value to end customers and thus facilitate business organisations to gain a margin over input cost. The Primary activities are important to acquire theRead MoreEffective Methods Of Effective Ways Of Communication767 Words   |  4 PagesAs a part of execution, company leaders translate strategy into measurable objectives. Communication plays an important role in sharing the strategy details with necessary external as well as to all internal employees. This communication mechanism allows creating a feedback system and also gives an opportunity for the leaders to align with the rewards and recognition process. It is necessary to use an effective way to communicate the strategy for a greater success. According to Everse (2011), effectiveRead MoreInternal And External Factors Affecting A Business Organization1365 Words   |  6 Pagescompanies to evaluate the internal and external factors affecting a business organization. With this useful tool they are able to set future goals, define strategic plans and collect information about the social environment in which they operate. This strategic tool is classified by internal factors (Strengths and Weaknesses), means that the company has total control of it and external factors (Opportunities and Threats), the company cannot control it. Internal factors mean that the company hasRead MoreEssay about Airstar Case Study1139 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagers is not working effectively and employees have been working up their own job description. Because of that, goal accomplishment is fast becoming obsolete and decisions are being made on the basis of practicality. Also, the company is facing external threats from major competitor such as General Electric and Pratt amp; Whitney. The stagnation from top managers is causing chaos internally, because business environment is constantly changing and most managers have been in the company for moreRead MoreCan Organisational Culture Be Changed?1376 Words   |  6 Pagessame time, it is a very difficult and demanding task. This is where the four main functions of managing come into play; planning, controlling, leading and organising. Robbins at al (2009, p.94) defines organisational culture as â€Å"a system of shared values, principles, traditions and ways of doing things that influence the way organisational members act.† This essay will further look into how and if an organisation’s culture can be changed, weighed up against organisation’s resisting change, how thisRead MoreExternal Factors And The Business Model1545 Words   |  7 Pages External Factors and the Business Model In order to build a successful business model, the organization must analyze the business environment for external forces. Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010) discuss the importance of understanding the external factors in the business environment when developing a business model; the organization must be able to adapt quickly to the changing environment. External factors of demand play a critical role in developing a business model, an organization

A Discourse Community As A Group Of People That Has An...

John Swales defines a discourse community as a group of people that has an agreed set of common public goals, ways to communicate with its members, to provide information and feedback, genre(s) that the group may further communicate its goals, lexis, and a threshold level of members (220-2). The group I chose to study St. Luke Church of God in Christ, St. Luke COGIC, bears the qualifications to be a discourse community. Founded in 1925 by Millissis Shannon and her husband Charles with only twelve members, pastoring St. Luke COGIC is Elder E. A. Shannon with over eight hundred members (St. Luke Church of God in Christ). This church is a great church to attend and has several activities, groups, departments, and ministries for any person at any age. Some of them include Sunday School, music, men’s, women’s, youth, children’s, and Bible Study and they all help to reach the community and lead people to Christ. The church’s mission statement states that their p urpose is, â€Å"to function as a Christian fellowship where the gospel of Jesus Christ is preached and the ordinances and doctrine of the church is taught and administered†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (St. Luke OB). My goal while observing and interviewing people was to figure out how people praise and worship the Lord at St. Luke COGIC on a Sunday. Watching with minimum participation and just watching at what the church members did (McCarthy page 234) is how I observed St. Luke COGIC. On Sunday, services start at 8:00 a.m. and end at around 9:00 p.m.Show MoreRelatedThe American Sign Language Community Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagescertain communities. School, jobs, families, sports, extracurricular activities, and many other communities are just a few we come into contact with. Although these may seem to appear the same, there are specific types of communities such as a discourse community. A discourse community is a group of people involved in and communicating about a particular topic, issue, or in a particular field (Webcourses, N.d, Website) that has a share a common set of goals and attempt to achieve these goals (SwalesRead MorePurdue University s Own Boiler Bhangra1233 Words   |  5 Pagesis one of the many distinct discourse communities on campus. The team was founded back in the spring of 2006, in an effort to shar e the unique culture and dance style of bhangra with the body of Purdue, as well as to compete on levels that range from local to national. The Boiler Bhangra team is a perfect example of Swales’ definition of a discourse community; that is, the team perfectly follows the requirements for a group to be considered a discourse community, as set by John Swales. One of theRead MoreQuestions On Pharmacy Discourse Community1560 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Project 1: Pharmacy Discourse Community †¢ What is a discourse community? In today’s world, everyone takes part in different discourse communities such as involuntary or academic memberships (Johns, 501). A discourse community is a group of dedicated people who share the same ideas, goals, and forms of communication about the field they are interested in. A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals† and â€Å"use communication to achieve these goals† (Swales, 471). As a freshmanRead MoreA Discourse Community Is A Group Of People Who Share A1490 Words   |  6 PagesA discourse community is a group of people who share a common goal, as well as communicate about a certain topic. John Swales, a linguist known for his genre analysis work, defines it as groups that have goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these goals. Not only are these communities common across the world, but they are common in every area. These communities are so common that many are a part of one or many and aren’t aware o f it. According to Swales, there are six characteristicsRead MoreThe Franklin Road Church Youth Groups Are More Than Just a Religion1681 Words   |  7 PagesRoad Church of Christ youth group consists of youth of all ages. The group is divided into three subgroups: Tots for Christ (TFC), Kids for Christ (KFC), and the Senior Youth Group (SYG). In particular, for this essay I will be explaining how the Senior Youth Group is a discourse community. Franklin Road’s SYG consists of the ages 11-18. Within the group we do various things such as going to youth retreats, youth conferences, and many more; just to name a few. The group has been around for many yearsRead MoreThe Discourse Of A Discourse Community1224 Words   |  5 PagesA discourse community is defined as a group of people involved in and communicating about a particular topic, issue, or in a particular field. We all belong to multiple discourse communities.To earn a position of a discourse community one must possess accura te knowledge, establish reliability of members to be accepted and learn to persuade other members of the community. The discourse community that I identify with personally and the profession I plan to pursue is the world of film production. HoweverRead MoreDiscourse Community Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 101 section 61 9/16/14 A Discourse Community Have you ever been among people who are very much like you? That it does not matter what differences you have you all have a lot more in common. A member of 4-H constitutes a discourse community because of an agreed set of common public goals, level of membership, and something that provides information and feedback. An agreed set of public goals for our community is that as a whole group we do a lot of community service. For a couple of yearsRead MoreSpringboard Diving As A Discourse Community2107 Words   |  9 PagesSpringboard Diving as a Discourse Community The world of diving has been around since the 1800’s and has been seen at the Olympic games since 1904. It first started off being called â€Å"fancy-diving† where the aim was to plunge into the water and see who could achieve the furthest depth underwater. It then progressed and became more complex involving specific skills and dives which first only men were allowed to participate in, and later women came into the society. To this day, diving is one of theRead MoreThe Fantasy Football League1355 Words   |  5 PagesFantasy football is one discourse community that I participate in every year along with my friends and family. If a stranger were to listen to any conversations we were having about fantasy football, they may not understand some of the knowledge that is required of someone to contribute to the fantasy football domain. This is true because within a fantasy football league there are many different phrases and terminology that we would not use on a regular b asis. I would like to start off by explainingRead MoreLife As A Social Worker1574 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Worker Growing up, I would watch the people in my community. I picked up on the things we considered to be socially acceptable. My community is predominantly filled with Latino and African American culture. Though, both come from two different ethnic groups, beliefs and practices, they share a common socioeconomic factor. I remember observing the gang violence, prostitution, drug and alcohol abuse, and children wandering the streets. Most people coming from a higher income status would be

The Implementaion of Reverse Policy for Discrimination Free Essays

string(77) " rhetoric that pits equality of opportunity against the equality of results\." Should we be punished for the mistakes of our ancestors? In recent times, Affirmative Action has implemented policies of reverse discrimination to help oppressed minorities gain an advantage over majority groups in college admissions and in employment. The term â€Å"Affirmative Action† was originally used by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 when referring to his executive order that required all federal contractors treat their employees and applicants â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color or national origin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Implementaion of Reverse Policy for Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now † In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal contractors to undertake Affirmative Action to increase the number of minorities that they employ. He wanted to ensure that minorities were recruited to have real opportunities to be hired and then eventually get a promotion. In 1969, the Department of Labor exposed widespread racial discrimination of the Construction Department so President Richard M. Nixon decided to incorporate a system of â€Å"goals and timetables† to evaluate federal construction companies according to Affirmative Action. This idea of â€Å"goals and timetables† provided guidelines for companies to follow and comply with Affirmative Action regulations. During the presidency of Gerald R. Ford, he extended Affirmative Action to people with disabilities and Vietnam veterans but there were no goals or timetables for these two groups. This type of Affirmative Action required recruitment efforts, accessibility, accommodation and reviews of physical and mental job qualifications. President Jimmy Carter consolidated all federal agencies that were required by law to follow the Affirmative Action play into the Department of Labor. Before Carter did this, each agency handled Affirmative Action in its own individual way, some were not as consistent as other agencies were. He created the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) in 1978 to ensure compliance with the Affirmative Action policies. Affirmative Action began to go downhill when Ronald Reagan and later George Bush came into office. Affirmative Action lost some gains it had made and was more or less ignored by the Republicans in the White House and in Congress. Affirmative Action was silently being â€Å"killed† by our federal administrators. In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, initiated by Kennedy, and the Equal Opportunity Act of 1972, equal opportunity was established. While there was little controversy over equal opportunity, the main issue with Affirmative Action was equal results. Although equal opportunity was established with Kennedy’s original executive order in 1961, the statistical results showed that the number of minority workers employed or in certain higher level positions was not in proportion to the surrounding population, making the actual existence of equal opportunity suspect. As a result of this discrepancy, it became necessary to create more aggressive legislation that ensured equal opportunity and equal results. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 required both, and new Affirmative Action programs were instituted to further support this. These programs range from encouraging minorities and women to apply for certain positions to setting up actual numerical goals, such as quota systems and set-aside programs. However, is Affirmative Action, as many critics assert, just passing on the oppression? The basis behind Affirmative Action is that because of past discrimination and oppression, such as the dispossession of Native Americans, the unequal treatment of women, and the enslavement of Black Americans, minorities and women have difficulty competing with their white male counterparts in mainstream American society. But is this true? Why must white males be oppressed by Affirmative Action just because their ancestors enslaved and oppressed another race and gender, and be victims of reverse discrimination in college admissions and employment? The U. S. Supreme Court has faced many cases regarding this controversial issue, including The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. Bakke, a white medical student, was denied admission to a University of California medical school because of a quota system. Bakke claimed that he was a victim of â€Å"reverse discrimination† and sued. In a close decision, the Court ruled that schools might not enforce a rigid quota system if whites are not allowed to compete equally. The issue was still muddied, however, because in the same decision, the Court ruled that race could be used as a factor. The various regulations and court rulings have made Affirmative Action one of the most paradoxical issues facing America. On one hand, differing local, state, and federal laws require employers to avoid discrimination in up to nine criteria: race, color, sex, age, national origin, sexual preference, handicap, veterans’ status and religion. On the other hand, Affirmative Action rules also require certain employers, such as companies with federal contracts, to give preference to racial minorities, women, and others. Consequently, when considering both sides of the issue, it becomes apparent that reverse discrimination and preferential treatment of minorities is absolutely ludicrous when people are preaching equal rights and that â€Å"all men are created equal,† and that Affirmative Action should be outright abolished from all aspects of society as an unnecessary evil in order to ensure an equal playing field for all. Those who wish to retain Affirmative Action regulations argue that America has a moral obligation to right the wrongs of the past – that Blacks and other minorities, whose ancestors have suffered institutionalized discrimination for hundreds of years, have earned preferential treatment. Race-neutral hiring, say proponents, actually discriminates against minorities because the majority of available jobs are not advertised. Rather, they are learned about by word-of-mouth, and minorities are not plugged into the â€Å"old-boy networks† through which they might hear of these jobs. Affirmative Action must be maintained for minorities to rise above the glass ceiling to management positions, and for poor minorities to rise from poverty and unemployment. Affirmative action has been the subject of increasing debate and tension in American society, and through this heated debate, the fight between Angle males and minorities actually sets the two groups apart instead of bringing them together. However, the debate over affirmative action has become ensnared in rhetoric that pits equality of opportunity against the equality of results. You read "The Implementaion of Reverse Policy for Discrimination" in category "Essay examples" The debate has been more emotional than intellectual, and has generated more tension than shed light on the issue. Participants in the debate have over examined the ethical and moral issues that Affirmative Action raises while forgetting to scrutinize the system that has created the need for them. Too often, Affirmative Action is looked upon as the panacea for a nation once ill with, but now cured of, the virulent disease of racial discrimination. Affirmative Action is, and should be seen as, a temporary, partial, and perhaps even flawed remedy for past and continuing discrimination against historically marginalized and disenfranchised groups in American society. Working as it should, it affords groups greater equality of opportunity in a social context marked by substantial inequalities and structural forces that impede a fair assessment of their capabilities. However, its failure highlights the potential for an aura of racism in this country which may perpetuate for many generations on. As Martin Luther King once said, â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. † Affirmative Action would make this dream virtually impossible, bringing race in as a factor in judging college admissions and employment. Those who want to eliminate Affirmative Action regulations argue that preferential programs encourage racial tensions when white students and workers feel they are not getting fair consideration. Why should whites suffer for society’s past mistakes? ask Anti-Affirmative Action activists who also note that Affirmative Action programs make whites the victims of reverse discrimination. Affirmative Action works against minorities, the argument continues, because it is assumed that an individual who benefits from such programs is automatically considered inferior to other candidates for jobs or schools, and because the majority who benefit from Affirmative Action are already middle-class, those most in need of the programs, rural and inner-city blacks, have gained nothing. Protestors against Affirmative Action have already taken steps to abolish the abominable doctrine through the passing of Proposition 209 in California. The measure would eliminate Affirmative Action programs used to increase hiring and promotion opportunities for state or local government jobs, where sex, race, and ethnicity are preferential factors in hiring, promotion, training, or recruitment decisions. In addition, the measure would eliminate programs that give preference to women-owned or minority-owned companies on public contracts. Contracts affected by the measure would include contracts for construction projects, purchases of computer equipment, and the hiring of consultants. These prohibitions would not apply to those government agencies that receive money under federal programs that require such Affirmative Action. The elimination of these programs would result in savings to the state and local governments. These savings would occur for two reasons. First, government agencies no longer would incur costs to administer the programs. Second, the prices paid on some government contracts would decrease. This would happen because bidders on contracts no longer would need to show †good faith efforts† to use minority-owned or women-owned subcontractors. Thus, state and local governments would save money to the extent they otherwise would have rejected a low bidder–because the bidder did not make a †good faith effort†Ã¢â‚¬â€œand awarded the contract to a higher bidder. The measure also could affect funding for public schools (kindergarten through grade 12) and community college programs. For instance, the measure could eliminate, or cause fundamental changes to, voluntary desegregation programs run by school districts. (It would not, however, affect court-ordered desegregation programs. ) Examples of desegregation spending that could be affected by the measure include the special funding given to †magnet† schools (in those cases where race or ethnicity are preferential factors in the admission of students to the schools) and designated †racially isolated minority schools† that are located in areas with high proportions of racial or ethnic minorities. Up to $60 million of state and local funds spent each year on voluntary desegregation programs may be affected by the measure. In addition, the measure would affect a variety of public school and community college programs such as counseling, tutoring, outreach, student financial aid, and financial aid to selected school districts in those cases where the programs provide preferences to individuals or schools based on race, sex, ethnicity, or national origin. Funds spent on these programs total at least $15 million each year. Eliminating Affirmative Action programs in America would thus save the government a substantial amount of money and pave the road for truly equal opportunity and treatment of all races. In light of the conflicting arguments for and against Affirmative Action, it is readily apparent that Affirmative Action essentially implements reverse discrimination as an â€Å"acceptable† solution to racial inequality in America, giving preferential treatment to minorities and women, and should thus be forbidden morally and legally if there is to be any sense of â€Å"color-blindness† in race relations in the future. As Daniel Boorstin once said, â€Å"The menace to America today is the emphasis on what separates us rather than what brings us together. † Truly, doing so would further separate embittered races and pit them against each other in heated debate and controversy. Calling for an alternative to Affirmative Action, Randall Kennedy states, â€Å"†We ought to construct a society and set of laws that focus on an individual’s character, not color of skin. If Affirmative Action should be banned and society should be â€Å"color-blind,† there should be an alternative to Affirmative Action to ensure this. There are a few possible alternatives to Affirmative Action, some of them are very simple and some are a little more complex. The alternatives include reconstruction of civil society in minority communities, increasing minority and female applicant flow, and most importantly promotion of broad policies for economic opportunity and security that benefit low- and middle-income Americans, both black and white. Building up civil society means strengthening ‘intermediate’ institutions, lying between the state and the individual, such as community associations, schools, media, and independent social agencies, which provide the organizational foundation for collective development and effective public representation. † If the same capital was made available for minority institutions as other institutions, they would be able to develop in the society and eventually become a strong part of the minority community. These institutions would give direction and guidance that is needed by all to play a major role in their community. Increasing minority and female applicant flow would be very easy for a company to do. They simply need to include minority colleges and universities in campus recruitment programs, place employment opportunities in minority oriented print and broadcast media, and retain applications of unemployed minority applicants to be reviewed as a position opens. This would be a great opportunity for applicants and employers. We should work toward broad based economic policies by consistently emphasizing broad-based, race-neutral policies; for example, public investment, national health reform, an enlarged earned income tax credit, child support assurance, and other policies benefiting families with young children. Widely supported programs that promote the interests of both lower- and middle-income Americans and that deliver substantial benefits to minorities on the basis of their economic condition will do more to reduce minority poverty than narrowly based, and poorly funded, measures for minority groups or the poor alone. These efforts can also be designed to coincide with intermediate institutions and thereby to contribute to the overall process of civil reconstruction and renewal. Ultimately, if there is to be any sense of racial equality and equal opportunity in this world, we must abolish Affirmative Action and ensure an equal playing field for all races in America. How to cite The Implementaion of Reverse Policy for Discrimination, Essay examples

Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson s Disease

Table of Contents Introduction Therapeutic Interventions Common Symptoms and Management Contemporary Attitudes Towards Treatment Suggested Treatment Conclusion References Introduction Parkinson ’s disease (PD) is a serious progressive disease that was first described in 1817 by James Parkinson. Many years passed before it was established that disappearance of doperminergic and non-doperminergic nerve cells in the substantia nigra of the mid brain was a primary feature in PD patients (Jankovic, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson ’s Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This disappearance results the depletion of dopamine in the striatum. These nerve cells are responsible for controlling movement. Statistics indicate that PD as a neurologenerative disorder in the United States is only superseded by the Alzheimer’s disease (Scott Stacy, 2009).T he mean age marking the onset of the disease is 57 year and it affects about 1 to 2% of the population above 60 years (LeWitt, 2008). The actual cause of the death of these cells to date remains unconfirmed. It has been suggested a number of contributing factors may include, genetic mutations, abnormal handling of some proteins by ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems , mitochondrion dysfunction, inflammation , environmental factors, and other pathogenic mechanism (Jankovic, 2008). There are many forms of parkinsonian disorders categorized into four groups namely: primary (idiopathic)parkinsonism, secondary (acquired,symptomatic) parkinsonism heterodegenerative parkinsonism and the multiple system degeneration type(Jankovic,2008). PD impairs motor and non-motor function in patients predisposing them to significant physical, economic and emotional burdens that is manifested by disability, deficit in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and increased risk of early mo rtality (Scott Stacy, 2009). This papers aims to deeply examine the present therapeutic interventions for Parkinson’s disease. In the first section, various aspects of cognitive, pharmacogical and alternative treatments for this disorder will be presented. The second part will try to relate the clinical manifestations of the disorder with the above treatments and a personal opinion for treatment will be offered. The last section before the conclusion covers contemporary attitudes towards the above treatments. Therapeutic Interventions To date, there are no known neuroprotective agents for PD. Although some agents have yielded promising neuroprotective effects in cell cultures and animals, their effects have been inconclusive in humans. In recent years PD therapy has focused on modifying disease progression other than controlling neurological symptoms (Scott Stacy, 2009). Treatment for PD may involve pharmacological, functional surgery or rehabilitation procedures (physical therapy, speech therapy and Occupational therapy). Unlike surgery and alternative treatment, Most pharmacological interventions are designed to replenish and enhance delivery of dopamine to the affected areas of the brain .Because dopamine is unable to cross the blood brain barrier, pharmacological formulations use Levodopa ,the precursor of dopamine.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The efficacy of levodopa has been established in the decades proceeding its first introduction in the 1960s (Oertel et al. 2011).The delivery of this precursor to the brain is made by coupling it to Dopa Decarboxylase inhibitors (DDI) such as Carbidopa or benserazide or Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)(e.g, Entacapone and Talcapone). This coupling enhances the efficacy of levodopa by preventing its peripheral conversion and increases it bioavailability in the brain (Scott Stacy, 2009). Over the years, Levodopa has become the preferred drug for the treatment of motor signs and symptoms of PD (LeWitt, 2008). Patients are known to recover from impairment of speech, gait and dexterity 15 to 30 minutes after administration of oral dose. For this reason, this response is also used as a confirmation criterion for proper diagnosis of PD (LeWitt, 2008 ). Both pharmacological and surgery (Deep Brain stimulation) have been shown to provide symptomatic benefits by reducing tremor ,rigidity ,stiffness and slowed movement (LeWitt, 2008). However, most levodopa users experience motor complication with continued usage of the drug. This has been attributed to its direct neuromodulatory and neurotransmitter actions (LeWitt, 2008). Apart from pharmacological and surgical treatment many patients of PD also receive rehabilitation assistance in the course of the disease (Oertel et al., 2011).The efficacy of this therapy is not conclusive. The rehabilitation involves specialist drawn from the fi elds of occupational therapy, occupational therapy and speech-language therapy. These rehabilitations may be in form of monotherapy or as part of a team of approach (Oertel et.al., 2011). They can also be engaged as part of adjunctive treatment with drug therapy or as mainstay treatment for symptoms that are resistant to other therapies (Oertel et.al., 2011). Physical therapy can reduce dependence on caregivers and improve the quality of life in PD patients by improving movement, enhancing function and lessening pain (Scott Stacy, 2008) Physical therapy is limited in that can only address issues such as balance, lack of coordination,fatigue,gait,immobility and weakness. It can also be used to develop exercise program for PD patients before motor problems arise. Recent studies have shown that exercise has a positive effect on motor sign and gait (Oertel et al., 2011). On the other hand, occupational therapy can help patients learn to perform mundane activities affected by the diseas e such as handwriting and use of various appliances. Emerging evidence has also shown that gait could be significantly improved through cued training , treadmill training in addition to cultural alternatives such as Tai Chi and Qijong (Oertel et al., 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson ’s Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most drug therapies and surgical treatment are temporary although the later has been shown to produce much longer beneficial symptoms. The response to levodopa changes after two years and motor fluctuation and dyskinesias develop within 5 years of administration. To counter this effect, a combination therapy of levodopa and doperminergic agonists has been suggested in the initial treatment of PD (LeWitt, 2008). Another management alternative suggested involves delaying the introduction of levodopa in early PD when symptoms are mild and to lerable. This strategy requires that levodopa be introduced only when the progression has reached levels of serious discomfort and disability (LeWitt ,2008 ). In the United States, levodopa administered together with AAD inhibitor, carbidopa on permilligram basis is efficacious Pharmacological therapy, just like surgical and rehabilitation procedures also involves a combination of an array of regimens for optimizing symptomatic relief (LeWitt, 2008). Adjunctive therapies are common features of parkinsonism (Oertel, 2011).In stable PD, Efficacy for most drug agents is enhanced by supplementation with other medications (Oertel, 2011). For advanced PD, Levodopa may be combined with dopaminergic agonists, amantadine ,MAO-B inhibitor or COMT inhibitor (LeWitt, 2008). Pharmacological therapy unlike surgery which is only a viable option in late PD, has been shown to be effective for early and advanced stages of PD. Drug therapy is the primary treatment for PD (Hayes Fung, Kimber, Oâ€℠¢Sullivan, 2010). Higher doses of Levodopa produce greater improvements but predisposes the patient to earlier ‘wearing off’. Dopaminergic agonists are an alternative to levodopa as they do not produce motor fluctuation and dyskinesias . However, they require augmentation with levodopa within two years to use to produce symptomatic improvement. Clinical trials have shown cholinesterase inhibitors produce beneficial improvement in cognitive and psychotic symptoms (Hayes et al., 2010).Drug therapy for PD can also trigger of aggravate a range of neurophychiatric symptoms (Hayes et al., 2010). In such cases drug therapy using clozapine has been shown to reduce psychotic symptoms. Recidivism in more pronounced in drug therapies than in other interventions. Levodopa , administered thrice daily, offers symptomatic control throughout the day. However after years of treatment, motor complications typically, dyskinesias and motor fluctuations result. A meta- analysis by Oertel an d colleagues (2011) found 40% likelihood or motor fluctuations and dyskinesias after 4-6 years of levodopa therapy.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Surgical treatment may be considered when pharmacological intervention fails to slow down PD progression and severe motor fluctuations and dyskinesias persist. In recent year Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has gained importance due to its beneficial effects in certain motor symptoms. According to Deuschl and fellow researchers (2006) the administration of continous electrical impulses to the subthalamic nucleus by a surgical implant has produced improvements in motor symptoms in advanced stages of PD .DBS appear to produce long lasting beneficial effects on motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia and dyskinesias although its efficacy has not been conclusively established (Hayes et al., 2010). However, surgical treatments have not been shown to improve other symptoms such gait dysfunction and fall. In some cases some symptoms have worsened after the surgery (Hayes et al.,2010). Common Symptoms and Management Rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural dysfunction are the prima ry motor signs of PD (Jankovic ,2008). These features indicate a positive diagnosis as they are unique from other related parkinsonian disorders. Secondary motor symptoms include hympmimia, dysarthria, dysphagia, sialorrhoea, micrographia, shuffling gait, festination, freezing,dystonia and glabellar reflexes (Jankovic, 2008). Non motor symptoms are autonomic dysfunction, cognitive abnoramalities,sleep disorders and sensory disorders such as anosmia, parasthesias and pain (Jankovic, 2008). For brevity ,the following sections only present the motor symptoms of PD. This symptoms result primary from impairment of motor control and levodopa – dopeminergic agonist therapy usually are the first pharmacologicall intervention taken. Functional surgery and rehabilitation therapy can also be considered when the drug therapies fail to control symptoms. Bradykinesia (slowness in movement ) is a distinguishing clinical feature of PD and is said to be the hallmark of basal ganglia disorders (Jankovic ,2008). It features difficulties in planning, initiating and executing movement and with performing tasks that require fine motor control (Jankovic, 2008). It is also manifested by loss of spontaneous movements,drooling,dysarthria ,impaired blinking ability and hypomimia (Jankovic, 2008). Rest tremor is also a prevalent symptom of PD. It mostly occurs at extremities but may also involve lips, chin,jaw and legs (Jankovic, 2008). However proper diagnosis is essential to distinguish it from other forms of tremors such as Essential Tremors. Clinical pathological studies have shown that patients with PD have degeneration of a subgroup of mid-brain (A8) neurons (Jankovic, 2008). Though rarely used, clinical trial have indicated that Thalomotony may improve tremor (Oertel,2011). Rigidity is characterized by increased resistance in movement of limbs and also in the neck, shoulders, wrists, ankles and hips. In PD patient’s movement in these parts may be accompanied with pai n (Jankovic, 2008). Rigidity of the neck and trunk may result in abnormal axial postures, Striatal limb deformities may also develop in some patients. Deformities of the hand are characterized by ulnar deviation, flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the distal interphalangeal joints (Jankovic ,2008). Foot deformities are characterized by extension of flexion of the toes. Postural instability occurs in advanced PD and is as a result of loss of postural reflexes (Jankovicl, 2008). It is said to be the main contributing factor for falls and ensuing fractures (Jankovic, 2008). Other factors cited to influence postural instability in PD patients include: orthostatic hypotension,age related sensory changes and Kinesthesia (Jankovic, 2008). Treatment has involved doperminergic therapy and functional surgery (pallidotomy and Deep Brain Stimulation). However these interventions have been known to produce scant improvements (Jankovic, 2008).Physical therapy has also been cit ed as potentially effective in improving postural instability (Oertel et.al., 2011) Freezing is one of the most disabling clinical features of PD though its occurrence is not universal (Jankovic, 2008). It commonly affects legs and is characterized by inability to walk which normally occurs at the initiation of movement and during movement. It is a common cause of falls (Jankovic, 2008). The main subtypes of freezing are: start hesitation, turn hesitation, hesitation in tight quarters, destination hesitation and open space hesitation (Jankovic, 2008).It is mostly severe during OFF periods but can be subdued by levodopa therapy (Jankovic, 2008). It is more common in women than men. Risk factors for freezing include rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability and generally advanced stage of PD. Rehabilitation therapy are mostly used to treat freezing due to its poor response to pharmacological therapies. Cued training has been found to be effective in reducing the severity of freezin g of gait (Oertel et.al., 2011). A reduction in dopeminergic therapy has been recommended for ON freezing although this strategy may negatively impact on â€Å"wearing of† (Oertel et al., 2011). Other pharmacological therapies for freezing include strategies such as adjustment of levodopa dose/formulation (standard and CR formulation), dopamine agonists and COMT/MOA-B inhibitors (Oertel et al., 2011). Contemporary Attitudes Towards Treatment The choice for a therapeutic intervention for PD is usually a subjective one (Rascol, Goetz, Koller, Poewe, Sampaio, 2002,). Medical practitioners may base their selection on past experiences of a particular therapy. Other noted considerations include age, perceived expectations, comorbidity, safety, efficacy, technical experience and cost (Rascol et al., 2002). In de novo patients there is always concern about how long to delay the introduction of levodopa for efficacy purposes and the long term motor complications that arise. In early PD characterized by absence of motor complications, adjunct therapy with relative safety implications is usually acceptable while in advanced PD patients, treatment decisions is normally based on the present motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (Rascol et al., 2002). It is common practice to delay non-pharmacological interventions; especially functional surgery unless motor complication failed response to drug therapies persists. For surgical interventions such as DBS, application is only acceptable if the symptomatic benefits are considered greater than the nature of risks from surgery and that there is strong likelihood that the procedure will be more beneficial than convential drug therapies (Deuschl et al., 2006). Witt, Kutin, Timmermann, Zurowski and Woopen (2011) have also found out that the risk of ‘altered personality’ is especially alarming for patients, caregivers and clinicians. Suggested Treatment For early PD, I recommend a monotherapy of immediate or controll ed releases of dopamine argonists (e.g pramipexole, piribedi, ropinirole) .These drugs have been found to be effective in early PD. Clinical trials data also indicate that there is low risk for developing complications with introductory dopamine argonist therapy (Oertel et al., 2011, p. 224). Controlled Release (CR) Levodopa should only be introduced when motor symptoms have worsened to an extent of great discomfort and possible disability. This mode is based on clinical evidence that early usage of levodopa may contribute to early emergence of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Adjunct therapies of amantadine, COMT (entacapone only) and MAO-B inhibitors can also form part of the early interventions. Amantadine has been shown to induce symptomatic improvements while MAO-B inhibitors are well tolerated and have low daily doses. For patients with persistent or emerging disabling tremor, DBS at the subthalamic nucleus can be considered. For advanced/late PD, I recommend a combination of immediate release levodopa with MAO-B and COMT Inhibitors. Levodopa has been established as the most effective treatment for motor fluctuations that is common during this stage. The inhibitors serve to enhance the efficacy of levodopa. Another upside of levodopa is that it has also been shown to be effective in advanced PD patient with cognitive dysfunction in addition to possessing anti-hallucination properties. For persistent dyskinesias, Amantadine can be used in addition to reducing the daily doses of levodopa and MAO-B/COMT inhibitors. Dopamine agonists can also be considered to compensate for reduce doses of levodopa. However, it adverse effects of inducing hallucination and psychosis should be noted. For severe motor fluctuations DBS by stimulation of subthatllamic nucleus can be considered when drugs therapies have failed to contain it. Alongside medical and surgical interventions, rehabilitation therapies such as cognitive movement training and cued training are also adv ised. Late PD also present with a host of non-motor symptoms. The suggestion in this section is only for the motor symptoms which greatly impair the quality of life. Conclusion PD is a serious progressive disease that results in a much reduced quality of life in victims. To date the discovery for a neuroprotective agent for PD remains elusive. Current pharmacological therapies are the first line of intervention in initiation of treatment. However as the disease progresses, pharmacological agents lose their effectiveness. Apart from their symptomatic benefits of therapeutic drugs for PD also produce an array of side effects hence necessitating a combination of different regiments. Clinical trials for modern surgical interventions such as Deep Brain Stimulation have produced positive results so far and their usage is gaining acceptance in many quarters. However the effects of such invasive procedures have not been well established. Rehabilitation measures can only be used as supplemen tary therapy with surgical or pharmacological therapies. References Deuschl, G., Shade-Brittinger, C., Krack, P., Volkmann, J., Schafer, H., Botzel, K., Vojes, J. (2006). A randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 355,896-908. Hayes, M.W., Fung, S.V., Kimber, T.E., O’Sullivan, J.D. (2010). Current concepts in the management of Parkinson’s. Medical Journal of Australia, 192(3), 144-149. Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 79, 368-376.doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045 LeWitt, P.A. (2008). Levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease.New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2468-2476. Oertel W.H., Berardelli, A., Bloem, B.R., Bonucelli, U., Burn, D., Deuschl, G., Dietrichs, E., Fabbrini, G.. Trenkwalder, C. (2011) .Early (uncomplicated) Parkinson’s Disease/ Late (complicated) Parkinson’s Disease. In Gilhus, N.E., Brainin, M. (Eds.) European Handbook of neurological management (Vol 1, pp. 217-267). Chicago.Blackwell Publishing. Rascol ,O., Goetz, C., Koller, W., Poewe, W., Sampaio, G. (2002). Treatment interventions for Parkinson’s Disease: an evidence based assessment. Lancet, 359, 1589-98. Scott, B.L., Stacy M.A. (2009). The management of parkinsons disease in the primary care setting. Elsevier Internal Medicine News. Web. Witt, K.,Kutin,J., Timmermann, L., Zurowski, M., Woopen,C. (2010). Deep Brain Stimulation and the search for Identity. Neuro ethics. Doi: 10-1007/s12152-011-91-00-1. This essay on Therapeutic Interventions for Parkinson ’s Disease was written and submitted by user Noe D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Executive Order 9835 Demanded Loyalty

Executive Order 9835 Demanded Loyalty In 1947, World War II had just ended, the Cold War had just begun, and Americans were seeing communists everywhere. It was in that politically-charged atmosphere of fear that President Harry S. Truman on March 21, 1947, issued an executive order establishing an official â€Å"Loyalty Program† intended to identify and eliminate communists in the U.S. government. Key Takeaways: Executive Order 9835 Executive Order 9835 was a presidential executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman on March 21, 1947. The so-called â€Å"Loyalty Order† created a controversial â€Å"Federal Employee Loyalty Program† charged with eliminating communists from all areas of the U.S. government. The order empowered the FBI to investigate federal employees and created presidentially-appointed Loyalty Review Boards to act on reports from the FBI.Between 1947 and 1953, more than 3 million federal employees were investigated, with 308 fired after being declared security risks by the Loyalty Review Boards.   Truman’s Executive Order 9835, often called the â€Å"Loyalty Order,† created the Federal Employee Loyalty Program, which authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to conduct initial background checks on federal employees and carry out more in-depth investigations when warranted. The order also created Presidentially-appointed Loyalty Review Boards to investigate and act on the findings of the FBI. â€Å"There shall be a loyalty investigation of every person entering the civilian employment of any department or agency of the executive branch of the Federal Government,† the Loyalty Order decreed, also providing that, â€Å"equal protection from unfounded accusations of disloyalty must be afforded the loyal employees.† According to the paper The Second Red Scare, Digital History, Post-War America 1945-1960 from the University of Houston, the Loyalty Program investigated over 3 million federal employees, 308 of whom were fired after being declared security risks. Background: Rise of the Communist Threat Shortly after the end of World War II, not only had the entire world learned the horrors of nuclear weapons, America’s relationship with the Soviet Union had deteriorated from wartime allies to staunch enemies. Based on reports that the USSR had succeeded in developing its own nuclear weapons, Americans, including government leaders, were gripped by a fear of the Soviets and communists in general, whoever and wherever they might be.  Ã‚   Growing economic tension between the two nations, along with fears of uncontrolled Soviet spy activity in America began to influence ​U.S. foreign policy and, of course, politics. Conservative groups and the Republican Party sought to use the so-called â€Å"Red Scare† threat of Communism to their advantage in the 1946 midterm Congressional elections by claiming that President Truman and his Democratic Party were â€Å"soft on Communism.† Eventually, the fear that communists were beginning to infiltrate the U.S. government itself became a key campaign issue. In November 1946, Republican candidates won sweeping victories nationwide resulting in Republican control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate.   Truman Responds to the Red Scare Two weeks after the election, on November 25, 1946, President Truman responded to his Republican critics by creating the Presidents Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty or TCEL. Made up of representatives from six Cabinet-level government departments under the chairmanship of a Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General, TCEL was intended to create federal loyalty standards and procedures for the removal of disloyal or subversive individuals from federal government positions. The New York Times printed the TCEL announcement on its front page under the headline, â€Å"President orders purge of disloyal from U.S. posts.† Truman demanded that the TCEL report its findings to the White House by February 1, 1947, less than two months before he issued his Executive Order 9835 creating the Loyalty Program. Did Politics Force Truman’s Hand? Historians contend that the timing of Truman’s actions, taken so soon after the Republican Congressional victories, show that both the TCEL and the subsequent Loyalty Order had been politically motivated.   Truman, it seems, was not as worried about Communist infiltration as the terms of his Loyalty Order indicated. In February 1947, he wrote to Pennsylvania’s Democratic Governor George Earle, â€Å"People are very much wrought up about the communist bugaboo but I am of the opinion that the country is perfectly safe so far as Communism is concerned- we have too many sane people.† How the Loyalty Program Worked Truman’s Loyalty Order directed the FBI to investigate the backgrounds, associations, and beliefs of any of the approximately 2 million executive branch federal employees. The FBI reported the results of their investigations to one or more of the 150 Loyalty Review Boards in various government agencies. The Loyalty Review Boards were authorized to conduct their own investigations and to collect and consider testimony from witnesses whose names were not disclosed. Notably, the employees being targeted by the loyalty investigations were not allowed to confront the witnesses testifying against them. Employees could be fired if the loyalty board found â€Å"reasonable doubt† regarding their loyalty to the U.S. government or ties to communist organizations. The Loyalty Order defined five specific categories of disloyalty for which employees or applicants could be fired or rejected for employment. These were: Sabotage, espionage, spying or the advocacy thereofTreason, sedition or the advocacy thereof;Intentional, unauthorized disclosure of confidential informationAdvocacy of the violent overthrow of the U.S. governmentMembership in, affiliation with or sympathetic association with any organization labeled as totalitarian, fascist, Communist or subversive The Subversive Organization List and McCarthyism Truman’s Loyalty Order resulted in the controversial â€Å"Attorney Generals List of Subversive Organizations† (AGLOSO), which contributed the second American Red Scare from 1948 to 1958 and the phenomenon known as â€Å"McCarthyism.† Between 1949 and 1950, the Soviet Union demonstrated that it had indeed developed nuclear weapons, China fell to Communism, and Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy famously declared that the U.S. Department of State employed more than 200 â€Å"known communists.† Despite having issued his Loyalty Order, President Truman again faced charges that his administration was â€Å"coddling† communists. Results and Demise  of Truman’s Loyalty Order According to historian Robert H. Ferrell’s book Harry S. Truman: A Life, by mid-1952, the Loyalty Review Boards created by Truman’s Loyalty Order had investigated more than 4 million actual or prospective federal employees, of which 378 were fired or denied employment. â€Å"None of the discharged cases led to discovery of espionage,† noted Ferrell. Truman’s Loyalty program has been widely criticized as an unwarranted attack on innocent Americans,  driven by the Red Scare. As the Cold War’s threat of nuclear attack grew more serious during the 1950s, Loyalty Order investigations became more common. According to the book Civil Liberties and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman, edited by Richard S. Kirkendall, â€Å"the program exerted its chilling effect on a far larger number of employees than those who were dismissed.† In April 1953, Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10450 revoking Truman’s Loyalty Order and dismantling the Loyalty Review Boards. Instead, Eisenhower’s order directed the heads of federal agencies and the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, supported by the FBI, to investigate federal employees to determine whether they posed security risks.

The Story of an Hour Questions for Study

The Story of an Hour Questions for Study The Story of an Hour is one of the greatest works by Kate Chopin. Summary Mrs. Mallard has a heart condition, which means that if shes startled she could die. So, when news comes that her husbands been killed in an accident, the people who tell her have to cushion the blow.  Mrs. Mallards sister Josephine sits down with her and dances around the truth until Mrs. Mallard finally understands what happened. The deceased Mr. Mallards friend, Richards, hangs out with them for moral support. Richards originally found out because he had been in the newspaper headquarters when a report of the accident that killed Mr. Mallard, which happened on a train, came through. Richards waited for proof from a second source before going to the Mallards to share the news. When Mrs. Mallard finds out what happened she acts differently from most women in the same position, who might disbelieve it. She cries passionately before deciding to go to her room to be by herself. In her room, Mrs. Mallard sits down on a comfy chair and feels completely depleted. She looks out the window and looks out at a world that seems alive and fresh. She can see the sky coming between the rain clouds. Mrs. Mallard sits still, occasionally crying briefly like a kid might. The narrator describes her as youthful and pretty, but because of this news she looks preoccupied and absent.  She seems to be holding out for some kind of unknown news or knowledge, which she can tell is approaching.  Mrs. Mallard breathes heavily and tries to resist before succumbing to this unknown thing, which is a feeling of freedom. Acknowledging freedom makes her revive, and she doesnt consider whether she should feel bad about it. Mrs. Mallard thinks to herself about how shell cry when she sees her husbands dead body and how much he loved her. Even so, shes kind of excited about the chance to make her own decisions and not feel accountable to anyone. Mrs. Mallard feels even more swept up by the idea of freedom than the fact that she had felt love for her husband. She focuses on how liberated she feels. Outside the locked door to the room, her sister Josephine is pleading to her to open up and let her in.  Mrs. Mallard tells her to go away and fantasizes about the exciting life ahead.  Finally, she goes to her sister and they go downstairs. Suddenly, the door opens and Mr. Mallard comes in. Hes not dead and doesnt even know anyone thought he was. Even though Richards and Josephine try to protect Mrs. Mallard from the sight, they cant. She receives the shock they tried to prevent at the beginning of the story. Later, the medical people who examine her say that she was full of so much happiness that it murdered her. Study Guide Questions   What is important about the title?What are the conflicts in The Story of an Hour? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see in this story?How does Kate Chopin reveal character in The Story of an Hour?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in The Story of an Hour? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Mrs. Millard consistent in her actions? Is she a fully developed character? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Would you want to meet the characters?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?Why is the story usually considered a work of feminist literature?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of women in the text? What about single/independent women?Would you recommend this story to a friend?

Research Methods on Economy Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methods on Economy - Research Proposal Example As the report declars  the variables selected for analysis are Investments, Assets, Liabilities, Debt, Equity, and Earnings per share, Return on Assets, Return on Investment, Asset Turnover, Current Ratio, Quick ratio. Each country is analyzed for each variable separately using time series analysis. The interpretation for each measure of performance is explained. The limitations of the study are listed.As the discussion stresses economic liberalization and globalization have brought about a new and competitive environment for the common and small investors who are willing to participate in the equity of the corporate sector in our country. Understanding the firm’s investment decisions under imperfect market conditions is one of the central issues of the financial economics. Studying firm’s investment in such environment can provide insight into the dynamics of its growth as a function of internal and external financial sources. In the presence of financing constraints the firm’s investment vary not only with the availability of the profitable investment projects, but also with the internal funds. Consequently, the severity of the financing constraints is proposed to be measured by the magnitude of the cash flow sensitivity of investment. In this paper, the authors propose an alternative perspective to investigate the relationship between financing conditions and the sensitivity measure.   The paper concludes by stating that financing conditions may determine investment and growth of the European Firms.

The policies of a Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The policies of a Government - Essay Example United Kingdom has seen the development of these organizations at a massive scale, with the number extending into thousands while the number of political parties remains small. The public has immensely supported the petitioning of the State to succumb to significant issues, and thus the membership of these groups has increased greatly (History Learning, 2010) The issue under consideration is an environmental factor, which has been drawing the attention of billions around the globe; it is an ecocatastrophe that everyone faces, irrespective of cast, creed, gender, status or nationality. This environmental factor is the phenomenon of Global Climate Change, which has been highlighted in political and economic debates, and Greenpeace International is one of the first pressure groups that promote this issue on a world-wide scale (IPCC, 2007). The slogan holds an energy within itself, and provokes the desire to act immediately; Greenpeace has effectively used the terminology which strikes t he emotions of the people, such as Fragile Earth and needs. It focuses on creating awareness and realization that the world is heading towards a disaster, and brings this issue on main scale, by confronting the government policies and large corporations which have led to this environmental degradation, such as forcing Timberland (a major shoe manufacturing company) to sort out their supply chain.The energy system of UK has become antique, and need up gradation to be conducive enough for contemporary times, and thus Greenpeace has proposed.

Domestic Violence in Cambodia in the present day

Domestic Violence in Cambodia in the present day Although there are a lot of forms of human rights violation in Cambodia, domestic violence seems to be one of the hottest problems that everyone has been carefully aware of. What is domestic violence? Domestic violence refers to a pattern of abusive behaviors toward any single person at any age. There are five main categories of domestic violence such as physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, and economic violence. Physical abuse includes hitting, kicking, slapping, or other physical threats which cause pain or injury on the victims body while sexual abuse refers to situation which abuser uses force to make a victim involve in unwanted sexual activity. The force sex which is abused by spouse, intimate partner, or somebody else also can be counted as sexual aggression. Emotional can include any kind of actions that harm victims feeling in a negative way, control victims freedom, and humiliate or make shame on the victim privately and publicly; it is any type of behavior that threatens o r attack somebody mentally. Meanwhile, verbal abuse is a behavior that abuser use abusive language toward a victim while economic abuse is the situation that abuser control over victims money or resources. There are many empirical evidences shown that the violence always exists in Cambodia in all pattern of aggression which can suspend and hinder the development, prosperity, and harmony in the country; thus, it is one of most challenging problems that Cambodia is facing nowadays. Therefore, in order to solve the problem effectively and fruitfully, we need to deeply understand the root of the matter, the result of the matter, and the suggested or satisfied solution in todays event. Today gender roles in Cambodia are severe issues that people should pay full attention to since men have dominated in almost significant roles in the society while Cambodian women are traditionally treated as inferior and physically and mentally suffered from the dominances. Meanwhile, people including the dominances and the victims do not exactly why such things happen in their lives which desperately affect to the whole community. Also, without understanding the real sources, no one cannot find good solution and make everything better; therefore, in order to eliminate domestic violence in Cambodia, we need to understand to two basic causes, historical events and harmful tradition. Significantly, in order to understand the grass rooting ideas why the number of domestic violence has been growing, we need to take a close look at some important historical events in Cambodia. Over the course of the last thirty years, Cambodia has experienced the most dreadful tragedy which has impacted on Cambodian society until today. Between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia was under the Communist Party of Kampuchea, so called Khmer Rouge, who carried out war crimes, genocide, and other crimes against humanity. This nightmare has physically left Cambodian deep scar, and it has affected most of the victims with mental illnesses like easy to get angry or nervous; it may make people follow what they had experienced badly like using verbal, economic, physical, emotional, and economic abuse, or by threatening and controlling victims freedom since those pain and horror is buried deep down inside their agonizing hearts. Therefore, these kinds of illnesses may lead them to use violence because th e brutal images are recorded in their memory. As a result, since women are defenseless, usually they become the secondary victims of those aggressive survivors. Besides, harmful tradition can lead to have domestic violence. In all societies including Cambodia, people have various values and ideas which cause people own different perspective on womens roles from one generation to another, and these traditional concepts view that females are weak and gentle or inferior. Unlike females, males are strong and powerful and can do whatever they want. Men in Cambodia usually are breadwinners, and they believe that their roles are so important; thus, they use their power to dominate over the helpless women in the family. Besides, domestic violence has largely gone unchecked in Cambodia, where cultural norms dictate that relations between husband and wife are internal affairs. According to LICADHO, surveys conducted in 2000 have shown that one-in-six women have been beaten by their husbands, and one-in-four have suffered physical, sexual or emotional abuse from their husbands. Additionally, still in some rural areas, women are injected with the outdat ed belief that they are not allowed to fight back their husbands, or they will be counted as bad women. Furthermore, womens honor is very essential to each family. For example, if unmarried woman does something wrong that brings bad reputation to the family and get caught by relatives or neighbors, mostly there will be nobody to marry her. This condition results in emotional abuse directly to that woman and indirectly to her family. Acid attacks. In short, historical events and harmful tradition are the two main cores that result in domestic violence in Cambodia. We, Cambodians, should understand the core of the problems and help eliminate this matter from our society; otherwise, this issue will constrain the development of our country. Most men in Cambodia think that they are everything in the society and tempt to think that women are nothing in the society since women cannot help or play big roles in countrys development, so men treat women badly; however, those brutish men never realize that they are the ones who hinder their own countrys development because of their nonsense attitudes and thinking. Therefore, in order to be clearer why such violence hinder Cambodian development, we have look at three main consequences such as human development goal, physical and psychological health, and the direct and indirect victims present and future life. Initially, hampering human development goal is a serious effect which can make Cambodian society collapse. As everyone starts to recognize that one country can fully reach her potential unless there is an acceptance of womens capacity involving in the society. According to UNICEF, data on the social, economic and health costs of violence prove that violence against women interrupts improvement towards human and economic development. The participation of women has become an influential key in every social development programs including Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), for they can help numerous things in dealing with poverty alleviation. For example, though men are the breadwinners, who go out and make money, they can do nothing if they do not have women at home help them in dealing with housework and make things in the family go smoothly and properly, and that helps their family economy works well. Moreover, while those breadwinners are busy working outside, they do not have much time for their childrens study and behavior, so they need women at home to help provide good education and advice. As a result, when those children gain good education from both at home and school, in the future there will be more and more substantial human resources for their countrys development. Unfortunately, when there is lack of womens involvement and participation, Cambodia may deteriorate the human capital of half their population. For example, if we compare two families that are in the same class, we can understand that one family who has only one man to make money get less income than another family who has both a man and a woman go out to make money. To sum up, if there is a high commitment to gender equality Cambodia by eliminating all forms of domestic violence, there will be a push in human and economic development in the near future. Besides, what is worse is that such violence causes women physical and psychological health. According to LICADHO, there is an increasing rate of maternal and mentality, for many studies and cases especially in rural areas have revealed high levels of violence during pregnancy resulting in risk to the health of both mother and unborn baby. Also, some worse cases have proved that domestic violence can result in the death of women murdered by their partners. In addition, having been rape or having sexual assaults, women may feel unwanted pregnancies and dangerously seek to have illegal abortion services. It is very dangerous for women especially in rural areas where there is no health care center or maybe that center locates far from their villages. Additionally, women who are being raped are not able to use contraception; thus, they are at risk of being infected by sexual diseases including HIV/Aids. Additionally, the violence does not only injure the victims physical health but also mental health. For instance, having been raped experienced of sexual violence, some women are depressed and also demeaned by abuser, and so they may think that there is no way to escape from such relationship except committing suicide. This just creates more and more problems to the community. Finally, the violence can directly and indirectly impact on the victims negatively who have witnessed the abusive scene, and those mostly are innocent children. The children who have witnessed domestic violence or have themselves been abused may have health and behavior problems. At school they may naturally feel embarrassed and find it hard to make any close friends or try to isolate themselves from outsiders. Gradually, they may become less and less social-able. Furthermore, what can be worse and more harmful to the whole society is when the girls (can be boys) victims have sexually abused in their childhood which can wound their heart and lead them to engage in risky yet practical behavior such as early sexual intercourse or getting revenge by abusing other girls like what they have experienced. To sum up, these are the substandard impacts of local violence in Cambodia, so both civilian and government should notice the problems and start some effective actions in order to stop it. These serious effects absolutely disrupt the expansion of countrys potential. Simultaneously, in order to take actions effectively, while the government involve in solving the problem by finding good mechanisms and supporting NGOs, people especially men and conservative people should try to reduce or eliminate their traditional views on the matter. Domestic violence has caused number of very negative impacts to both victims and a whole community, so there should be suitable solutions to respond to such harmful difficulties; meanwhile, we have to aware of our countrys condition, culture, and perception since we cannot change peoples believes in one day and since domestic violence has been rooted deep down in Cambodian society; it may take longer time to counter this matter. Also, there should be different keys based on in each case of the matter whereas solutions should be for both victims and abusers. Consequently, not only government needs to respond to the problem, but also civilians must interact into this matter. The followings are some key suggested solutions that can be effective for dealing with domestic violence in Cambodia. One of an effective implementation is to have law enforcement which can be a useful mechanism to respond the domestic violence. According to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims, which was passed by the National Assembly on 16 September 2005, was approved by the Senate on its total form and objective on 29 September 2005. A part from preventing domestic violence, it helps protect the victims and strengthen the culture of non-violence and the harmony in society in Cambodia. In article 9, the authority in charge has duty to intervene in the action in order to prevent the victim on time, and if the case is serious, the authority can request for warrant to imprison the perpetrator or bring him to court. Besides, when the violence happening, the neighbors or the family members must immediately report to the authority, but if the case is getting worse and the authority cannot arrive at the scene on time, t he neighbors should help stop the perpetrating; otherwise, the victims may badly injure or may not survive. Meanwhile, the neighbors or the family members should take the victims children away from the scene and help comfort them to feel relieve and make them feel being less influenced. This may be effective to make the situation and the children less being affected. In addition, More importantly, education, dissemination, and training program can be a good tool to deal with this violence. Despite the fact that this solution can be found in Chapter 6, article 33, stating that state should pay attention to educating and disseminating this law in order to make people understand respect to this law; in contrary, in real practice government or ministry in charge has played not so many roles regarding to this action. It seems that most actions are implemented by NGOs who can provide citizens further education relating to the issue. For instance, European Commission based in Cambodia has raised the awareness of the womens roles, rights, and representations in social and political affairs. As a result, over 3,700 women and men have confirmed that they have gained more knowledge through these grassroots activities about their rights; hence, women are able to exercise their rights more effectively in social and political participation. Moreover, by responding to the m atter, there have been advertising or movie broadcasting on TV to help people understand more and influence peoples mind to change their traditional views on womens role and other surrounding impact concerning to the issue. For example, the Asia Foundations Global Women in Politics (GWIP) program supported street theater productions raising awareness about violence against womens rights in Cambodia society. As we know that visual effect may be more effective than any other kinds of material. Furthermore, when civilians get the knowledge of this concern, they should spread or share what they know to their family, neighbors, villagers, friends, or people they know; consequently, more and more people will aware of this matter. Therefore, gradually peoples traditional perception will change, and this violence can be successfully eliminated. Besides dealing the issue with the abuse, we should deal and help the victims as well. When it comes to solutions for domestic violence, the most important thing to understand is, if it isnt getting better, its getting worse.   If the violent person is promising to change but never does anything about that promise, the victim herself and also her children should get out of the environment, if the violence includes more than just verbal abuse, the victims should make sure the abuser cant find them or the children for the sake of their safety.   There are several organizations such as LICADO and ADHOC which can help the victims, so she should go and ask for help. Those can put her in touch with local centers and sources for help.   If the abuse includes serious mental or emotional abuse or any form of physical abuse, the victims must report this to the police so she, the children and the abuser can get help.   In case, domestic violence abusers, who are not under control from g etting professional help, will not stop, they will only get worse, so the only way to help them is by forcing them through the law to confront their problem and get the help they need.  Ã‚   Besides, education can reduce the level of problem from getting worse. It is the family which is principally responsible for building the character of individuals, and it is in functioning families that feelings of self-worth, respect for others and conflict resolution skills are developed. It is thus vital that support is given to families to enable them to nurture these qualities which, if not developed in the early, formative years, are very hard to instill later. Both education at school and home are essentially important for our community. Besides, education at school or outside is also important to raise the awareness of domestic violence. The education should promote morality and values of womens role in society as well as promote the culture of peace and love in our society to eliminate all kinds of violence. More importantly, in order to completely eliminate this matter, Cambodia should fully adopt democracy peace theory. Democracy calls for culture of tolerance, cooperation, negotiation, and non-conflict resolution, and it also promotes human rights and prioritizes people. Thus, Cambodian citizens can fully be injected with these ideas under the concepts of this theory which seeks individual to understand and respect each other; Cambodia will be a domestic-violence free country. In conclusion, when government, private actors, and civilians together implement these effective actions, someday domestic violence will successfully be eliminated. Then Cambodias development will be pushed forward rapidly. As a result, when such problem is disappeared, development, prosperity, and harmony will be reached profoundly. In my opinion, if Cambodia becomes a fully democratic country, all kinds of violence and conflicts will be fade away like smoke into the air while every single citizen may enjoy and live happily with harmony and prosperity.